Method of treatment based on polymorphisms of the kcnq1 gene

ABSTRACT

The invention provides methods for the administration of compounds capable of prolonging a QTc interval and methods for predicting whether an individual is predisposed to such QTc prolongation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of co-pending US Provisional Patent Application No. 61/167,136, filed 6 Apr. 2009, which is hereby incorporated here.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The invention relates generally to the administration of antipsychotics, and more particularly, to the administration of antipsychotics based on an individual's KCNQ1 genotype.

2. Background

Prolongation of the electrocardiographic QT interval (the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave) is referred to as long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS may comprise a genetic component. In some patients with LQTS, QT prolongation can be a chronic condition. In some persons, LQTS may be induced by the administration of an active pharmaceutical ingredient that prolongs the QT interval.

An area of focus in the evaluation of drug safety is the effect of non-cardiac medications on the QT interval. It is thought that the primary mechanism of action by which non-cardiac medications prolong the duration of the QT interval is through inhibition of the Human Ether-a-go-go related Gene (HERG) channel, a potassium channel directly involved in ventricular repolarization. QT prolongation and its relationship to torsades de pointes arrhythmia has received increased attention from regulatory authorities, resulting in warnings on the labels of some antipsychotics.

Since the QT interval changes with changes in heart rate, the QT interval is often measured as a corrected QT (QTc) interval. Any number of formulas may be employed to calculate the QTc, including, for example, the Fridericia formula (QTcF), the Bazett formula (QTcB), and the Rautaharju formula (QTp), among others.

DNA variants in potassium voltage-gated channels, such as KCNQ1, have been identified to predispose patients to drug-associated “acquired” LQTS and are considered congenital LQTS genes.

The KCNQ1 gene encodes a protein for a voltage-gated potassium channel required for the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. The gene product can form heteromultimers with two other potassium channel proteins, KCNE1 and KCNE3. Mutations in the KCNQ1 gene are associated with hereditary LQTS, Romano-Ward syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, and familial atrial fibrillation. The gene is located in a region of chromosome 11 that contains a large number of contiguous genes that are abnormally imprinted in cancer and the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

KCNQ1 alpha-subunits coassemble with KCNE1 beta-subunits to form channels that conduct the slow delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs) important for repolarization of the cardiac action potential. Mutations in KCNQ1 reduce IKs and cause LQTS.

Antipsychotics, both typical and atypical, have been associated with an increase in the duration of the QTc interval. A study comparing the effect of several antipsychotics on the QTc duration showed thioridazine to be associated with the highest degree of QTc prolongation, followed by ziprasidone. Quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol were also associated with a prolongation of the QTc interval. In this study, minimum increase in QTc was observed when metabolic inhibitors of the CYP450 isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of each respective drug, except for haloperidol, which resulted in a doubling of QTc with metabolic inhibition.

As has been seen with other antipsychotics, iloperidone has been observed to have some effects on QTc duration. Iloperidone is metabolized by CYP2D6. Metabolic inhibition by adding an inhibitor of CYP2D6 increases the effect of iloperidone on the QTcF duration. Methods for the administration of iloperidone based on an individual's CYP2D6 genotype are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO2006039663, which is incorporated herein.

In addition to iloperidone, a number of other compounds are believed to be capable of causing QT prolongation. These include amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, and thioridazine.

Other compounds, in addition to ziprasidone, are suspected of being capable of prolonging the QT interval, although such prolongation has not been definitively established. These include alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone, roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine, vardenafil, venlafaxine, and voriconazole.

Individuals at risk of suffering LQTS are advised not to use still other compounds, due to the possibility that they may prolong the QT interval. These include albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, and trimipramine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods for the administration of compounds capable of prolonging a QTc interval and methods for predicting whether an individual is predisposed to such QTc prolongation.

A first aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence; and administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence. In some embodiments, the method further includes determining at least a portion of the patient's CYP2D6 gene sequence.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of an individual's KCNQ1 gene sequence.

A third aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising: characterizing an expression product of the patient's KCNQ1 gene; and administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the characterized expression product.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising: characterizing an expression product of an individual's KCNQ1 gene.

The illustrative aspects of the present invention are designed to solve the problems herein described and other problems not discussed, which are discoverable by a skilled artisan.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As indicated above, the invention provides methods for the administration of antipsychotics based on an individual's KCNQ1 genotype.

As noted above, a large number of compounds are known or suspected to be capable of inducing QT prolongation in some individuals, including individuals not suffering from LQTS. One such compound is iloperidone. Iloperidone is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,364,866, 5,658,911, and 6,140,345, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Metabolites of iloperidone may also be capable of prolonging a QT interval. Metabolites of Iloperidone, e.g., 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol, are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO03020707, which is also incorporated herein by reference. Other iloperidone metabolites include: 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl]ethanone; 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethanone; 4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-hydroxy-α-methylbenzene methanol; 4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-α-methylbenzenemethanol; 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl]ethanone; and 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl]ethanone. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,866 and International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO9309276 and WO9511680, which are incorporated herein by reference.

The DNA variants in KCNQ1 noted above were examined for correlation with iloperidone-induced QT prolongation. These single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are shown in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 KCNQ1 SNPs Linked to Acquired LQTS Genebank Accession No. Position Mutation AJ006345.1 79764 C to G AJ006345.1 286414 G to A AJ006345.1 78927 A to C

Individuals from an earlier study of CYP2D6 genotypes and a predisposition to QT prolongation were genotyped at each of the KCNQ1 SNPs above. 22 individuals had been given a dose of 8 mg of iloperidone b.i.d., 30 had been given 12 mg b.i.d., and 22 had been given 24 mg q.d.

Results for the position 79764 SNP are shown below in Tables 2 and 3. As can be seen, individuals homozygous for the C>G polymorphism showed a significantly greater increase in QTc interval following the administration of iloperidone. In fact, the average QTc change in individuals with the GG genotype was more than twice the change in individuals with a non-GG genotype.

TABLE 2 79764 SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) CC 13 10.38 CG 32 6.80 GG 26 17.58

TABLE 3 79764 SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) P value Non-GG 45 7.83 0.0008 GG 26 17.58

The results were similar when ziprasidone was administered at a dosage of 80 mg b.i.d. The QTc changes for each genotype are shown below in Tables 4 and 5.

TABLE 4 79764 SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Ziprasidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) CC 5 8.30 CG 14 6.19 GG 6 15.32

TABLE 5 79764 SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Ziprasidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) P value Non-GG 19 6.75 0.084 GG 6 15.32

Similar results were observed for the 286414 position SNP, the results of which are shown below in Tables 6 and 7. Individuals homozygous for the G>A polymorphism experienced average QTc increases more than double those experienced by individuals with a non-AA genotype.

TABLE 6 286414 position SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) AA 32 12.50 AG 18 3.15 GG 7 10.34

TABLE 7 286414 position SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) P value AA 32 12.51 0.0268 Non-AA 25 5.16

The 78927 position SNP also yielded similar results, shown below in Tables 8 and 9. Again, individuals homozygous for the A>C polymorphism experienced average QTc increases more than double those experienced by individuals with a non-CC genotype.

TABLE 8 78927 position SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) AA 10 7.21 AC 31 9.19 CC 33 14.08

TABLE 9 78927 position SNP Genotype and QTcF Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) P value Non-CC 41 6.46 0.057 CC 33 14.08

As noted above, and as described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO2006/039663, an individual's ability to metabolize iloperidone may be predicted based on his/her CYP2D6 genotype. The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic, with more than 70 allelic variants described so far (see http://www.cypalleles.ki.se/).

The two most common polymorphisms within the CYP2D6 gene in Caucasian populations, CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C100T, result in a “poor metabolizer” phenotype and thus higher circulating drug levels in the blood. The CYP2D6G1846A polymorphism represents a G to A transition at the junction between intron 3 and exon 4, shifting the splice junction by one base pair, resulting in frameshift and premature termination of the protein. The CYP2D6C100T polymorphism, also known as CYP2D6P34S, represents a C to T change that results in the substitution of a proline at position 34 by serine. Both of these polymorphisms have been associated with reduced enzymatic activity for different substrates.

Interestingly, a relationship was found between the KCNQ1 polymorphisms above and an individual's metabolizer status (i.e., “extensive,” “intermediate,” or “poor”), as predicted by whether the individual has one or both of the CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C100T polymorphisms.

Tables 10 and 11 below show CYP2D6 metabolizer status against QTcFmax change from baseline for individuals having GG and non-GG genotypes, respectively, at the KCNQ1 79764 position SNP.

TABLE 10 QTcF Change in Individuals Having KCNQ1 79764 Position SNP Genotype GG and Varying CYP2D6 Metabolizer Status CYP2D6 QTcFmax Metabolizer Change Status n (%) (msec) Extensive 17 (65%) 16.4 Intermediate  8 (31%) 18.1 Poor 1 (4%) 33.6

TABLE 11 QTcF Change in Individuals Having KCNQ1 79764 Position SNP Genotype Non-GG and Varying CYP2D6 Metabolizer Status CYP2D6 QTcFmax Metabolizer Change Status n (%) (msec) Extensive 37 (82%) 8.3 Intermediate  7 (16%) 3.1 Poor 1 (2%) 24.6

As can be seen, individuals who are GG at the 79764 SNP experience greater QTc prolongation than do individuals who are non-GG. In addition, within each group, and particularly among GG individuals, CYP2D6 metabolizer status is highly predictive of the relative degree of QTc prolongation an individual will experience. Thus, an individual who is GG at the KCNQ1 79764 SNP and a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer may be administered a lower dose of iloperidone or other QT-prolonging compound, due to the individual's greater likelihood of experiencing more severe QT prolongation. Alternatively, the individual may instead be administered a compound not known or suspected of causing QT prolongation.

In order to assess the CYP2D6 component to such prolongation, QTc change was separately compared to the CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C100T polymorphisms. These results are shown below in Tables 12 and 13. As can be seen, individuals homozygous for the wild-type allele (G for CYP2D6G1846A and C for CYP2D6C100T) experienced less QT prolongation than did individuals having one or two mutant alleles (A for CYP2D6G1846A and T for CYP2D6C100T).

TABLE 12 CYP2D6G1846A Polymorphism Compared to QTc Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) P value GG 52 11.1 AG 14 15.9 AA 2 41.6 GG 52 11.1 0.0594 Non-GG 16 18.5

TABLE 13 CYP2D6C100T Polymorphism Compared to QTc Change Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change Genotype n (msec) P value CC 54 10.8 CT 14 16.9 TT 3 31.3 CC 54 10.8 0.0281 Non-CC 17 19.2

Tables 14 and 15 below show QTc changes in individuals grouped according to their KCNQ1 79764, CYP2D6G1846A, and CYP2D6C100T genotypes. This shows that individuals who were non-GG at KCNQ1 79764 and were homozygous for the wild-type allele at the CYP2D6 loci (i.e., GG for CYP2D6G1846A and CC for CYP2D6C100T) experienced the least QT prolongation. Similarly, individuals who were GG at KCNQ1 79764 and had one or two mutant alleles at the CYP2D6 loci (i.e., AG or AA at CYP2D6G1846A and CT or TT at CYP2D6C100T) experienced the greatest QT prolongation.

This may make it possible, for example, to manage the risk associated with the administration of compounds capable of prolonging the QTc interval. Individuals possessing only the wild-type alleles at the KCNQ1 and CYP2D6 loci may reasonably be expected to experience relatively little QTc prolongation while individuals possessing one or more mutant alleles may be expected to experience greater QTc prolongation, with the extent of prolongation increasing with an increasing number of mutant alleles. Individuals would then be administered a dosage of the compound based on his/her KCNQ1 and/or CYP2D6 genotypes or may be administered another compound instead that is not known or suspected of prolonging the QTc interval.

The data in Tables 14 and 15 also suggest that KCNQ1 polymorphisms have a greater impact on QTc prolongation than do the CYP2D6 polymorphisms. This may provide greater detail in the risk management, testing, and treatment methods above.

TABLE 14 QTcF Change Compared to KCNQ1 79764 and CYP2D6G1846A Genotypes Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change (msec) KCNQ1 79764  7.6 (n = 34) 9.6 (n = 6) non-GG KCNQ1 79764 19.5 (n = 15) 25.5 (n = 10) GG CYP2D6G1846A GG CYP2D6G1846A non-GG

TABLE 15 QTcF Change Compared to KCNQ1 79764 and CYP2D6C100T Genotypes Following Iloperidone Administration QTcF change (msec) KCNQ1 79764 non-GG  7.4 (n = 35) 12.6 (n = 7)  KCNQ1 79764 GG 19.2 (n = 15) 23.5 (n = 10) CYP2D6C100T CC CYP2D6C100T non-CC

Additional KCNQ1 SNPs were examined for any correlation to a predisposition to QTc prolongation. Those SNPs are shown below in Table 16. SNPs useful in the practice of the invention include those listed above and in Table 16 below, and can be used singly or in any combination of two or more.

TABLE 16 KCNQ1 SNP Genotypes and QT Prolongation Following Administration of Iloperidone Affymetrix Lowest SNP No. rs_number¹ Position² QTc change P value³ Allele A Allele B SNP_A-1861793 rs234873 2764098 nonAA 0.110421 C T SNP_A-1905847 rs233446 2794201 nonAA 0.12044 A C SNP_A-1905948 rs179428 2507085 nonAA 0.548076 A G SNP_A-2063010 rs10832134 2459062 AA 0.613499 C T SNP_A-2070173 rs10832405 2605095 nonAA 0.421724 G T SNP_A-2128672 rs10798 2826741 nonAA 0.149325 C T SNP_A-2138827 rs548566 2739224 AA 0.533236 A G SNP_A-2155585 rs231915 2705591 nonAB 0.811901 A G SNP_A-2170993 rs170786 2707279 BB 0.609952 C T SNP_A-2176134 rs10766379 2782775 BB 0.149903 A G SNP_A-2203798 rs8181588 2788117 nonBB 0.486341 A G SNP_A-2217853 rs179429 2507306 BB 0.323283 C T SNP_A-2244304 rs7128926 2653320 AB 0.074244 C T SNP_A-2264175 rs6578283 2630151 BB 0.385571 A G SNP_A-2299737 rs163177 2794989 AA 0.03059 A G SNP_A-2301145 rs163166 2781804 BB 0.147875 G T SNP_A-2305877 rs231916 2704944 nonAB 0.033582 A G SNP_A-4241656 rs231907 2708706 nonBB 0.802946 A T SNP_A-4242308 rs2283208 2700435 AA 0.019908 A G SNP_A-4248246 — 2667398 nonAA 0.381774 C T SNP_A-4254887 rs231348 2630257 nonBB 0.626472 A G SNP_A-4257005 rs16928297 2442696 AA 0.483607 G T SNP_A-4281714 rs3852527 2783179 nonAA 0.197306 A G SNP_A-4288131 rs231890 2732635 nonAB 0.573 C T SNP_A-4288827 rs10766218 2594657 AA 0.357049 A G SNP_A-4301076 rs163171 2777641 nonAB 0.259187 C T SNP_A-4301585 rs9666537 2642440 nonBB 0.262343 C T SNP_A-4302062 rs1971929 2729947 AA 0.611517 C G SNP_A-4302119 rs3852528 2783193 nonBB 0.041388 A G SNP_A-1819033 rs151291 2731415 nonAA 0.260891 C T SNP_A-1824380 rs179409 2483882 AA 0.310425 C G SNP_A-1829337 rs231873 2742118 nonAB 0.422393 C G SNP_A-1845199 rs2412058 2597705 AA 0.29063 C T SNP_A-1866128 rs12804445 2834275 BB 0.431295 A C SNP_A-2045452 rs7942590 2590291 AA 0.7495 C G SNP_A-2078818 rs4430486 2741967 BB 0.177528 C G SNP_A-2089816 rs10741669 2600056 nonAB 0.154721 C T SNP_A-2108877 rs10766212 2589728 AA 0.181241 A G SNP_A-2111327 rs11517737 2481124 nonAB 0.612965 A G SNP_A-2115624 rs4930013 2818735 AB 0.762452 G T SNP_A-2139714 rs4930149 2692602 AA 0.42212 A C SNP_A-2147212 rs11023096 2484579 BB 0.011594 A G SNP_A-2167641 rs7927129 2672108 nonAA 0.905521 A C SNP_A-2185200 rs231901 2687761 AA 0.399107 C T SNP_A-2188014 rs2237866 2486738 AA 0.016676 C T SNP_A-2199433 rs12576156 2455394 nonAA 0.055461 C T SNP_A-2207071 rs163183 2801017 nonBB 0.080842 A G SNP_A-2222217 rs231841 2680180 AB 0.041003 A C SNP_A-2248126 rs3819506 2484900 BB 0.043565 A G SNP_A-2279904 rs16928561 2672031 BB 0.222103 A G SNP_A-2279707 rs179407 2483474 nonBB 0.011184 C T SNP_A-2281097 rs1079714 2717317 nonBB 0.583124 C T SNP_A-2286096 rs11023094 2483937 nonAB 0.158471 C T SNP_A-2306355 rs17744869 2780438 nonBB 0.236986 C G ¹Official SNP nomenclature according to NCBI db SNP version 126, May 2006. ²Chromosomal position based on the NCBI Build 36.1, March 2006. ³P value of genotype having highest QT values versus all other genotypes.

Among the SNPs shown in Table 16, a genotype of TT at SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) was shown to accurately predict a predisposition to QTc prolongation. Therefore, an individual having a genotype of TT at SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) may be predicted to be predisposed to QTc prolongation.

Table 17 below shows the results of a study of 174 individuals, each of whom was genotyped at the rs179407locus and their QT interval measured following the oral administration of 24 mg/day B.I.D. of iloperidone for a period of two weeks.

TABLE 17 QT Prolongation and Presence or Absence of a Genotype for SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) Associated with a Predisposition to QT Prolongation Change negative positive Threshold Low QT High QT Odds p predictive predictive (msec) −test +test −test +test Ratio value sensitivity specificity value value QT > 5 19 47 15 102 2.748936 0.0091 0.871795 0.287879 0.558824 0.684564 QT > 15 25 85 9 64 2.091503 0.0807 0.876712 0.227273 0.735294 0.42953 QT > 30 32 123 2 26 3.382114 0.1089 0.928571 0.206452 0.941176 0.174497

As can be seen in Table 17, an individual's KCNQ1 sequence at the SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) locus is highly predictive of whether the individual will experience QT prolongation following the administration of iloperidone. For example, using the lowest threshold of a change in QTc interval (between baseline and the end of the second week) greater than 5 milliseconds (normal QTc intervals are between 0.30 and 0.44 seconds for males and between 0.30 and 0.45 for females), 102 of those individuals with a SNP genotype (test is considered positive if genotype for SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) is TT) associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation experienced QT prolongation while only 47 such individuals did not. Similarly, nearly seven times as many individuals (102) experiencing QT prolongation possessed a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation as did not (15). This resulted in a sensitivity (probability that the individual will have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation, given that he/she experienced QT prolongation) of 0.87 and a specificity (probability that the individual will not have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation, given that he/she did not experience QT prolongation) of 0.29, a negative predictive value (probability that the individual will not experience QT prolongation, given that he/she does not have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation) of 0.56, and a positive predictive value (probability that the individual will experience QT prolongation, given that he/she has a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation) of 0.68.

The use of higher thresholds (i.e., QTs greater than 15 and 30 milliseconds) yielded markedly increased negative predictive values (0.74 and 0.94, respectively). The associated decrease in positive predictive values, from 0.68 for QTs greater than 5 milliseconds to 0.17 for QTs greater than 30 milliseconds) suggests that additional factors affect more severe QT prolongation.

As the data in Table 17 show, an individual's KCNQ1 sequence at the SNP loci above may be used to predict whether an individual is predisposed to QT prolongation due to the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval. That is, individuals having one or more SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation may reliably be predicted to experience a prolonged QT interval (i.e., a QT interval prolonged by at least 5 milliseconds) following the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval. Similarly, individuals not having any of the above SNP genotypes associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation may reliably be predicted to not experience severe QT prolongation (i.e., a QT interval prolonged greater than 15 milliseconds) following the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval.

Methods according to the invention may involve direct sequencing or genotyping of an individual's KCNQ1 and/or CYP2D6 genes or the characterization of expression products of the genes. For example, as noted above, the CYP2D6G1846A polymorphism results in premature termination of the CYP2D6 protein and the CYP2D6C100T polymorphism results in the substitution of a proline at position 34 by serine. Either of these polymorphisms could be determined from the resulting proteins or RNA. Accordingly, the invention includes testing genes and/or their expression products.

The foregoing description of various aspects of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations are possible. Such modifications and variations that may be apparent to a person skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims. 

1. A method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence; and administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if (1) the patient's KCNQ1 genotype at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1 is GG than if the patient's genotype is not GG or (2) the patient's KCNQ1 genotype at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1 is AA than if the patient's genotype is not AA or (3) the patient's KCNQ1 genotype at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1 is CC than if the patient's genotype is not CC.
 3. (canceled)
 4. (canceled)
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from a group consisting of: amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, thioridazine; alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone, roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine, vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone; albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, trimipramine, and metabolites, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein: R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, lower hydroxyketone, lower alkanol, hydroxyl acetic acid, pyruvic acid, ethanediol, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, amino, lower mono or dialkylamino, nitro, lower alkyl thio, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, acylamino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroacetyl, aminocarbonyl, monoaklylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, formyl,

alkyl is lower alkyl, branched or straight and saturated or unsaturated; acyl is lower alkyl or lower alkyloxy bonded through a carbonyl; aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with at least one group, R₅, wherein each R₅ is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, lower monoalkylamino, lower dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy; heteroaryl is is a five- or six-membered aryl ring having at least one heteroatom, Q₃, wherein each Q₃ is, independently, —O—, —S—, —N(H)—, or —C(H)═N— W is CH₂ or CHR₈ or N—R₉; R₁ is —H, lower alkyl, —OH, halo, lower alkoxy, trifluormethyl, nitro, or amino; R₂ is C₂-C₅ alkylene, alkenylene (cis or trans), or alkynylene, optionally substituted by at least one C₁-C₅ linear alkyl group, phenyl group or

where Z₁ is lower alkyl, —OH, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, —NO₂, —NH₂, or halogen; R₃ is lower alkyl or hydrogen; R₇ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or acyl; R₈ is lower alkyl; R₉ is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, or —NHR₁₀; R₁₀ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C₁-C₃ acyl, aryl,

X₁, X₂, and X₃ are, independently, —O—, —S—, ═N—, or —N(R₃)—, or X₁ and X₂ are not covalently bound to each other and are, independently, —OH, ═O, —R₃, or ═NR₃; lower is 1-4 carbon atoms; m is 1, 2, or 3; and n is 1 or
 2. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein R is —C(O)CH₂OH, —CH(OH)C(O)CH₂OH, —C(O)OH, CH(OH)CH₃, or C(O)CH₃; R₁ is halo; X₁ and X₂ are different and are ═O, —OH, ═N—, or —O—; R₂ is C₂-C₄ alkylene or alkenylene; R₃ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; X₃ is —O—; and R is substituted as shown in Formula 1A


8. The method of claim 7, wherein wherein the compound of Formula 1 is 1-[4-3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone, as shown in Formula 1B:


9. The method of claim 7, wherein wherein the compound of Formula 1 is 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol, as shown in Formula 1C:


10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining at least a portion of the patient's CYP2D6 gene sequence, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if the patient's CYP2D6G1846A genotype is AA or GA than if the patient's genotype is GG or the patient's CYP2D6C100T genotype is TT or CT than if the patient's genotype is CC.
 11. (canceled)
 12. (canceled)
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is suffering from at least one condition selected from a group consisting of: schizophrenia, including paranoid schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and residual schizophrenia; schizoaffective disorder, depression, bipolar mania/depression, cardiac arrythmia, Tourette's Syndrome, a psychotic disorder, including brief psychotic disorder, a psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, a psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition, and a substance-induced psychotic disorder; a delusional disorder, and schizophreniform disorder.
 14. (canceled)
 15. (canceled)
 16. A method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of an individual's KCNQ1 gene sequence.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein determining includes determining the individual's genotype at at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) locus selected from a group consisting of: 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1, position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1, and position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.
 18. The method of claim 18, further comprising: concluding that the individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval if the individual's KCNQ1 genotype includes any of the following: GG at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; AA at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; or CC at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.
 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining at least one of the following: whether the individual's CYP2D6 gene sequence includes the CYP2D6G1846A polymorphism or whether the individual's CYP2D6 gene sequence includes the CYP2D6C100T polymorphism.
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. A method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising: characterizing an expression product of the patient's KCNQ1 gene; and administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the characterized expression product.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the quantity of the compound is reduced if the characterized expression product corresponds to any of the following: a GG KCNQ1 genotype at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; an AA KCNQ1 genotype at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; or a CC KCNQ1 genotype at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.
 24. The method of claim 22, further comprising: characterizing an expression product of the patient's CYP2D6 gene; and determining whether the characterized expression product corresponds to a CYP2D6 polymorphism selected from a group consisting of: CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C100T.
 25. (canceled)
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is selected from a group consisting of: amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, thioridazine; alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone, roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine, vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone; albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, trimipramine, and metabolites, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, and combinations thereof.
 27. A method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising: characterizing an expression product of an individual's KCNQ1 gene; and determining whether the characterized expression product corresponds to any of the following: a GG KCNQ1 genotype at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; an AA KCNQ1 genotype at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; or a CC KCNQ1 genotype at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.
 28. (canceled)
 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising: characterizing an expression product of the individual's CYP2D6 gene; and determining whether the characterized expression product corresponds to a CYP2D6 polymorphism selected from a group consisting of: CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C100T.
 30. (canceled) 